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Gas-Lift Troubleshooting

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Troubleshoot your well before you call a rig. Gas-lift problems are usually associated with three areas: inlet, outlet, and downhole (Fig. 1). Examples of inlet problems may be the input choke sized too large or too small, fluctuating line pressure, plugged choke, etc. Outlet problems could be high backpressure because of a flowline choke, a closed or partially closed wing or master valve, or a plugged flowline. Downhole problems could include a cutout valve, restrictions in the tubing string, or sand-covered perforations. Further examples of each problem area are included in this handbook. Often the problem can be found Fig. 1: The Gas-Lift System on the surface. If nothing is found on the surface, a check can then be made to determine whether the downhole problems are wellbore problems or equipment problems. Inlet Problems Choke sized too large .  Check for casing pressure a...
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Permeability of oil-gas Reservoir Rock

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 Permeability of Petroleum Reservoir Rock In addition to being porous, a reservoir rock must be permeable—that is, it must allow fluids to flow through its pore network at practical rates under reasonable pressure differentials. Permeability is defined as: 1.              The ability of a formation to transmit fluids 2.              The ability of rocks to allow the circulation of fluids contained in their pores. 3.              The ability of the rock to allow a fluid with which it is saturated to flow through its pores . Permeability is a measure of the ease with which the fluid flows in the porous medium. Figure 4.1 represents a schematic showing the difference between low and high permeability rocks in a reservoir. The permeability of a rock measured when it is 100% saturated with a singl...
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Equilibrium Separation

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  Characteristics of Oil and Gas Equilibrium Separation Low Shrinkage Oils A given volume of oil existing at its bubble point at reservoir temperature is considered to be saturated with gas at the given temperature and pressure conditions. Thus, the term "saturation pressure" is synonymous with bubble-point pressure at a given temperature. A decrease in pressure will cause the original sample to change into two phases as shown in the next figure. The physical change is evidenced as gas being liberated from the liquid. It is a common misbelief that a certain amount of gas is dissolved in oil and that a pressure drop results in the gas coming out of solution. Actually, the first gas liberated is composed principally of the lightest components (methane, ethane and propane) because these components possess the highest molecular energy and the lowest molecular attraction for other molecules. Equilibrium vaporization of low shrinkage oil. Vaporization of the lighter components is u...
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